Comparing the Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to Fin

The Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to Find The main characters Mrs. Loisel in "The Necklace" and the grandmother in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" are very similar because both these characters refused to admit to a mistake that they had made. They both had the same motivation prior to the mistake and they also had the same reason as to why they wanted to keep quiet about it. Although Mrs. Lisle's and the grandmother's penalties were different, it is still fair to compare the two because either way, dead or alive, both their lives were ruined. Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother are very similar due to the fact that they both had the same motivation prior to their accident. It was a selfish motivation that cost them their lives. Mrs. Loisel's character was selfish in "The Necklace" because instead of wearing flowers like her husband suggested, she chose to borrow her friend's jewelry. "You can wear some natural flowers. At this season they look very chic. For ten francs you can have two or three magnificent roses. 'No, she replied, there is nothing more humiliating than to have a shabby air in the midst of rich women.'" (67) This is truly an act of selfishness on Mrs. Loisel's part. If she wouldn't have been so arrogant, she could have just worn the flowers to the party and it would have saved her a lot of trouble. The grandmother's character in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" is also very selfish in her motivations. She felt she had to lie to her son, daughter-in-law and her grandchildren in order for her to be able to see that nice house again. "'There was a secret panel in this house' she said craftily, not telling the truth but wishing that she were, 'and the story went that all the family sil... ... comparable because like I illustrated before, they were both selfish people. All in all, these two characters were very similar. They both had the same selfish motivations. They both wanted something, and they didn't care what they did to get it. They also had the same reasons for keeping their secrets quiet, they were afraid of embarrassment. And in the end they both ruined their lives. Mrs. Loisel had to be a hard working woman for 10 years, which really took a toll on her. The grandmother was killed, as well as the rest of her family. If Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother would have told the truth from the start none of this would have happened. But now, just like most everyone in life, they were forced to pay the consequences for doing something wrong. Even though they didn't deserve the punishment they got, I guess it was all in the "luck" of the draw.

Nick Names Formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak Menu-Mene Varity and Arabic Languages

NICK NAMES FORMATION IN LENDANG NANGKA SASAK MENU-MENE VARITY AND ARABIC LANGUAGES A Research Writting An NT Language and Culture Final Assignment Lecturer : Dr. Kamaludin Yusra By Samsul Bahri/12J012060/A ENGLISH EDUCATION GRADUATE PROGRAM MATARAM UNIVERSITY 2013 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratefull and appreciation to my honourable lecturer Dr. Kamaludin Yusra, who would like to wait patiently for months for a word from me, then respond sympatically and constsructively within days. This assigment is written to accomplish a final task for Nusa Tenggara Languages Culture and Contact.I am interested to focus my study on Sasak varity nicknames formation as I found them important points to discuss to defining how nicknames in Sasak varity language are formed. So far I found it is hard to do this as the previous research for this merely. I tried hard to focus this research because lack of academic writting background knowledge and references. These are my become obstacles to do this research writting. But this first experience I hope will be my best teacher to do better in the future. I am afraid there are some mistakes in this simple research proposal, I do hope there will be some suggestions to make it better.Samsul Bahri CONTENTS Acknoledgementi Contentsii A. Introduction1 B. Research Questions3 C. Review of Literarture3 D. Research Methodology10 * Population10 * Sample11 * Data Collection11 * Data Analysis11 E. Discussion 11 F. Conclussion55 References Nick Names Formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak Menu-mene Varity and Arabic Languages Abstract This research paper discussed about nicknames formation in LendangNangka Sasak meno-mene dialect and Arabic nicnames. Most of sasak names are influenced by Arabic names as Islam is predominantly religion for Lendang Nangka village inhabitats.As names is identity of a person its has very strategic role for human being. Naming custom varies greatly from people to people. Terms relates personal names such as p ersonal name, family names, given names and Nick name. The nicknames formation in some cases similar to Arabic language. In Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene language. The meaning of Nicknames also has it own place in the dialect. A nickname is usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place . Nicknames formations in the dialect through process of truncation (shortened), phonological process(replacing a stressed vowel and a onsonant), psychical characteristic and attributes. Nicknames also related to close friend and social solidarity. While in Arabic nicknames formation has its own way to form it. This research uses descriptive research methodology. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to describe the formation, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic. The population of this research the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village. This reserac h studies about the personal names and nicknames. There are 6357 names.The data are gained from primary and secondary sources. Keywords: Sasak varity, Arabic, Personal Names, Nicknames, formation, truncation, phonological, Physical Characteristic, Lendang Nangka, menu-mene dialect. A. Introduction A name is inseparable circumstance to human being, place or thing. A name is a word or term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. A personal name identifies a specific unique and identifiable individual person. Though Indonesia is home to many diverse ethnic groups and languages.Those exaggerated the varies greatly between these groups in names. The dominant ethnic group is the Malay people (whose languages include Indonesian, Javanese). Generally, all Indonesians have one or more given names. Some ethnic groups also use a family name or clan name, other groups use a patronym. Some Indonesia ns have neither a family name nor a patronym. (Salahudin Ahmad,1999). Personal names are considered as important part for personal identity. Sasak people consider names has special meaning, and there is a special practise to do in naming new born baby as one of the life cycle in Sasak people.As predominantly religion, islamic naming system influences most of Sasak names. Islam is closely relate to arabic naming system although it is not totally influenced the Sasak names. Islamic naming system are used commonly in Sasak muslim good followers. Lendang Nangka village inhabitants are muslim. The inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village are consider as moderate muslim. This makes sense that naming system is not totally following Islamic naming system although many of the people in the villages use Arabic names such as Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdurrahman, Abdullah, Wahid, Syafi’i, Siti Aisah, Siti Hadijah, Mariam, etc. nd some others Arabic root terms such as Nurul Hayati, Nurul Aini, Laitu l Fitri which they considered as Islamic naming systems. On the other hand many personal names are influenced by non Arabic names, western, Hindus and Javanese, or by their own creation naming systems. And the last naming system is naming by local Sasak names (although there is no written rules about this but this is just based on the local story and information). Relate to the topic of this research a name in short form is called Nickname.According to Free Online Dictionary(2009): nickname is a descriptive name added to or replacing the actual name of a person, place, or thing. Where as The Wordsworth Concise English Dictionary(1988) defines Nickname as a name given in contempt or sportive familiarity. A nickname is â€Å"a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place† (Oxford Dictionary Online, 2012), as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name†.Nicknames may based on a person's name or vari ous attributes such as (in majority the example taken from American names) : Tittle (â€Å"Bones† for a forensic scientist,†Doc† for a doctor ,†Sparky† for an electrician, Geek for a computer technician, â€Å"Sarge† for a military Sergeant, Moneybags for a wealthy person, Sir or Ma'am for a person of a higher rank); Physical characteristics (Weight: â€Å"Fatso† or â€Å"Slim† for a person who is overweight or thin, respectively. Height: â€Å"Beanpole† for a person who is tall, â€Å"Shortie† or â€Å"small-fry† for a short person. Haircolour: â€Å"Red†, â€Å"Ginger†, â€Å"Ranga†, or â€Å"Bluey† for a person with red hair. Blondie† a girl with blonde hair. Baldness: â€Å"Chrome dome† for a person whose scalp reflects the light. Complexion: â€Å"Pinky† for a person with Rosacea, â€Å"Zit† or â€Å"pizza-face† for severe acne, various racial s lurs for skin color. ; Personality (Talkative: â€Å"Motormouth†, â€Å"Chatterbox†, â€Å"Ratchet-Jaw†, â€Å"ChattyKathy† Cautious: â€Å"Nervous Nellie† Pessimistic: â€Å"Sad Sack† Negative: â€Å"Debbie Downer†, Glamorous: â€Å"Stunning Signe†, Boring: â€Å"Plain Jane†, Typical: â€Å"Average Joe†. This Research paper focuses on the analysis of nick names formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic languages.This topic is based on the personal names of Sasak and their relationship to Arabic personal names. As we know naming system in Sasak names are moslty influnce by religious aspects. So far I found that it an interesting topic to disscuss about nick names formation as it is merely found the academic writting of how the Sasak nick name are formed. I prefer to specify the Sasak menu mene varity as it is my origin language and it is interesting to relate the naming system with Arabic as bo th of them uses mostly use Arabic personal names as the inhabitants considered Islam belivers.B. Research Question * What are the naming systems in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic language? * What are the meaning of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity and Arabic personal names? * How are Arabic and Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity nicknames formed? * Does Arabic nicknames formations contribute to Lendang Nangka Sasak nicknames formations? C. Review of Literature According to Merriam-Webster (2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun – a person, place or thing. Naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are generally inherited. Terms relates personal names such as personal name ,family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are ve ry simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could also be very complex such traditional Chinese (Wikipedia, 2007).A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name or surname. Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system; most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the father's first name, then the father's family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Wikipedia, 2007). The study of personal names has attracted a number of scholars over the years. There are many views regarding the way in which personal names are bestowed. This section aims to provide a overv iew of what previous scholars have found as far as personal naming is concerned. Scholars such as Koopman (1986; 1989), Thipa (1983; 1987), Herbert (1990; 1995), Saarelma-Maunumaa (1996; 1999), Stayt (1931), Monnig (1967), Mbiti (1969), Moyo (1996), Kimeyi (1989), Dickens (1985) and Bosch and De Klerk (1995) have based their discussions on some of the personal naming patterns.As far as African traditional culture is concerned, the selection of personal names is influenced by many factors. Most of these factors are diverse among cultures; nevertheless, there are some areas where they overlap. Jayaraman (2005: 176) provides the following explanation of the Hindu tradition of personal naming practices: a name not only reveals a person’s self-identity, but also his or her cultural, sectarian, varna, and caste identities. Further, it is believed to signal one’s spiritual worth not only in this world, but also in the next.In everyday life, Hindus give great significance to a personal name. As this study on Tshiven? a names will reveal, the naming ceremony of a child is an important event. It is also traditionally one of the major life circle rituals for a Hindu. In Southern India, it is usually performed on the twelfth day of a child’s life. Customarily, some Hindus, who believe that even days are lucky for girls and uneven ones lucky for boys, hold that a boy should be named on the eleventh day and a girl on the twelfth.When the ceremony is to occur, and mainly in the case of the first child, both the father’s and the mother’s relatives visit the house where the mother gave birth (usually her natal home). Here, the guests are entertained with traditional sweets specially prepared for the occasion. There are various considerations in the choice of a name. However, one essential element in the selection of a name in all parts of India is the birth star of a person. Most Hindus consult an astrologer to decide the appropriate name.In the south, as in other parts of India, names may tell of the joy and expectations of parents of newborn children. For example, if a child is born to a couple many years after marriage, he may be endearingly named after some precious metal or gem, such as Ratnam (diamond), Sona (gold), Banghru (gold) or Muthu (pearl). Naming may also be related to other family experiences. For example, in Tamilnadu, if a family has experienced high child mortality, a surviving child may be named Pichi (gift of god) if male, or Pichiamma if female. Elements of idiosyncrasy and creativity are also apparent in Indian naming customs.For example, an eminent professor of Telugu in Andhra Pradesh gave his daughter one of the longest names encountered: Sri Arunachala Kadambavana Sundari Prasunnamba Kanyaka (the blessed virgin who is beautiful and carries with her the radiance of sunshine, the fragrance of garden flowers, and the presence of God). Bean (1980:309), in his research on the bestowal of childrenâ €™s names, found that it is often the duty of the parents, but may also be the duty of a senior kinsman or of a ritual specialist, and the participation of members of a larger community is also required ( e. . Ga names are bestowed by the senior patriarchal relatives). Bean’s (1980) view that the role of the ritual forms part of a child’s acceptance into his family group, is in a way similar to views given by other scholars such as Mbiti (1967), Monnig (1967), Koopman (1989) and Stayt (1931) on the role of the rituals that accompany name-giving ceremonies. Andrei A. Avram paper looks into the structural properties of Japanese and English truncated names. Name truncation is considered to be a word-formation process and is analyzed from the perspective of Prosodic Morphology.Japanese and English truncated names are shown to be subject to strict prosodic requirements. Also discussed is the relation between name truncation and prosodic minimality in the two languages. Abigail study the ways in which truncation in Indonesian enriches our understanding of possible patterns of prosodic morphology and the nature of prosodic word requirements. The structure of the paper is first describe the patterns of truncation in Indonesian. He consider the question of word minimality and evidence for word minimality based on the stress facts of Indonesian.He describe and consider the implications of two classes of subminimal words in Indonesian, including a class of words containing schwa and the short forms of terms of address and personal names. Both of these classes of words highlight the fact that word well-formedness and word minimality may be violable properties. He return to the question of truncation as prosodic morphology and briefly consider the Indonesian facts in light of recent theoretical claims about the nature of truncation. Langendonck (2008) made a nice survey to prove the universality of sources of surnames.Accordingly, they are derived roughly from the same sources across linguistically and culturally unrelated languages. For instance, in the English speaking countries, most surnames of British origin fall into several types: occupations (eg Smith, Baker), personal characteristics (eg Short, Brown), geographical features (eg Hill, Lee) place names (eg Flint, Hamilton) patronymicsii(eg Richardson, Johnson) matronymics (eg Marriott from Mary) and paternal, from patronage (eg Hickman meaning Hick's man). In French, people are named, following the same traditions: Legrand( the tall), le Carpentier (carpenter), le Parisien(from Paris).The same sources of surnames are true of the Spanish-speaking countries: Delgado (thin), Molinero(miller), Aleman from (Germany). In Russian, one finds the same: Tolstoy (fat or stout), Portnov (tailor),Moskova (from Moscow). Romanians follow the same procedures in deriving their surnames: Barbu(bushy bearded), Fieraru(Smith), Munteanu(from the mountains) Moldoveanu(from Moldova). In Netherlands , the Dutch adopt the same path in forming theirs : De Groot(the great), Van Weert( of the city Weert) (ibid). During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names.Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects. In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons: (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil: fighter, Ghalib: winner, Asad: lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd: happy, Malik: owner, Najy: rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg :al a : thorny tree, hajar: stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the child's mother is being in labour.For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly: Thalaba. The same holds true of dog: kalib, crow: Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 321H ,nd:5f) (see also Altha’aliby, d. 430 H, 2007: 406f) Ibin Qutaybah( d. 276 H, 1999:67) adds that some people's names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah: colocynth) others from people's characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem: generous, al-shuja6: brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need e seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before invading each other. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants' or animals' names went on; and other factors for naming had become involved. For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii: Spring) and got widely spread due to the Prophet's position against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children.In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 1984:36, 46). Al-Samaray (1961:4) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab homeland i. e. different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. ) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 below). Ulaiq (2001:12ff) further indicates that PNs in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to: 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar; the moon, kawkab: planet, Hilal; Crescent) 2. The sequential order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd; the unique, Walyd; the alone, Rabia; the fourth). 3. Well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (e. g Siina; Avicenna; Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). . Gran dfathers' or grandmothers' names to glorify them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan: the fasting month, Najjah; success, Zilzal: earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied. Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland.Sasak is a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat province in eastern Indonesia (Austin, 2000, 2001). It is closely related to Samawa (spoken on the western half of Sumbawa Island to the east of Lombok) and Balinese, and sub-groups with them as a member of the Western-Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . Relate to this research, the study of Sasak language has been done by many resear chers, but in the other hand the study about Sasak nicknames is very hard to find.Acoodring to Austin (2000, 2001) Sasak language shows a wide range of local dialect variation in lexicon and syntax, which is the topic of ongoing investigation. There is also sociolectal variation with high, middle and low speech styles (Nothofer, 2000). Data for this paper is drawn from the Central and Southern varieties identified by their speakers as Meno-Mene, Meriaq-Meriku and Menu-Meni Sasak. As predominantly Islam believer Sasak and Arab people they mostly based their naming system on Islamic principles.The fact that this is the right of the father is shown by the principle that the child is ascribed and attributed to the father, as Allaah says, â€Å"Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just in the Sight of Allaah†. It is also allowed for the parents to allow others to name the child, since our Prophet (SAW) used to name some of the children of his Comp anions. The name should carry a good and praiseworthy meaning as the Messenger (SAW) said, â€Å"On the Day of Resurrection, you will be called by your names and your fathers names, so make your names good. (Abu Dawood) It is recommended to call oneself a servant of Allaah (Abdullaah) or the servant of any of the names of Allaah. Then it is recommended to name a child after a prophet, due to the hadeeth, â€Å"call yourselves by the names of the Prophets† (Abu Dawood) and the hadeeth, â€Å"a son was born to me this night and I called him after my forefather Ibraaheem† (Muslim) Then it is recommended to name the child after any pious person in the hope that it will become like him/her. Then it is recommended to name by any name which has good meaning.It is forbidden to name a child with a name that denote servitude to other than Allaah, for example Abd an-Nabi, Abd ar-Rasool etc, just as it is forbidden to name them with names that are particular to the Unbelievers li ke George, Michael, Susan etc. The names of tyrants and evil personalities should be avoided such as Fir'awn, Qaroon, Abu Lahab etc.. Likewise it is disliked to name with the names of the Surahs of the Qur'aan like ‘Taa Haa' or ‘Yaa Seen' as is reported from Imaam Maalik and others. There is no authentic hadeeth which ascribes the above two as being names of the Prophet (SAW).As the influencing of globalization era, naming sytem also influences Lendang Nangka Sasak naming system. It is very common to find personal naming influnced by western names such, Heri from Harry, Linda, Tina, Sandi etc. More examples of differents names are presented in appendixes and in next discussion. D. Research Methodology This research uses descriptive research methodology. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to describe the formation, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic.A similar vi ew is expressed by Djaya Sudarma (2006:16). He said that this method is a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the data accurately in accordance with the nature of the data itself. The statement was supported by Sudaryanto Djayasudarma (1993:62) who argued that the descriptive method focused on giving a full overview on the actual state of the object under investigation. This study also used qualitative approach. this study is also related to research data that is not in the form of numbers, but in the form of words or phrases (Sudaryanto, 1993:62).Sudaryanto opinion is supported by Arikunto (1998:193) who states that qualitative research is a desecriptive research because this study attempted to describe the data with the words or phrases that are separated by categories to obtain conclusions. Based on the explanation above, the writer can say that the research is descriptive qualitative research means is intended to provide a clear picture of the process of the formation , structure and phrase user names Lendang Nangka Sasak menu- mene varity * Population The population of this research is the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village.Relates to the topic of this research the total names of the subject are 6357 names of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names. * Sample From total 6357 names there one hundreds personal names are taken as sample. Those samples are catagorized as first 100 hundred the most popular names in Lendang Nangka village * Data Collection There are two sources of data collection : Primary and secondary data. The primary data are obtained directly from local people of Lendang Nangka village by questioning to the paticipants and observation. Secondary Data source are taken from monography of local village office.Data source are in the form list of names local inhabitants. The number of the is 6357 personal names in the village (appendix†¦ ). Those total names will be group into the group of similarities of each names(appendix †¦ ). * Data Analisys. After all data are obtained the next step is to analize the data. Analysis is an effort to study and process the data to find out the conclussion. Each group will be analized based on their formation and the form of the names, and their originals. All data are put into some cataogries: 1. Their similarities pharase and sylabble 2. Base 3.Ending word or prosodic 4. Meaning After all data are determined to their group. The next step is to analyse the process of each names become nicknames based on phenomena and observation. After all data collected , the next process is sorting names into their catagory using spread sheet Ms-Office Excell 2007 sorting system. For further analysis will be discussed in disscussion part . E. Disscussion The topic of this discussion will focus on the study of Lendang Nangka Sasak menu-mene varity names while on the other hand Arabic names disscus in not too deep discussion and analyis.The discussion will also be based on some t heories and names. 1. Names Generally a name is a label for a noun – a person, place or thing. More specifically a name is a label for a specific person, place or thing. These are sometimes called proper names. A name is a word or term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. According to Merriam-Webster(2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun – a person, place or thing. : look at the following examples: | Person| * Heri * Megawati Sukarno Putri * Harun Al-Rasyid * Lalu Serinata * TGH. Muhammad Zainul Majdi| Name —– Noun| Thing| * Meja (Table) * Harimau (Tiger) * Lendang Nangka | | Place| * Hotel * Lombok Sumbawa * Lendang Nangka * Bima| 2. Personal names Relate to personal names, naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are generally inherited.Terms relates personal names such as personal name , family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could also be very complex such traditional Chinese(Wikipedia, 2007). A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name or surname.Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system; most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the father's first name, then the father's family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Sasak people naming system is considered as simple naming system such Muhammmad Amin, Aminah, Hadijah, Amir Mas’ud, Samsul Bahri. The names mostly influences by Arabic names or words as most Sasak people are moslem.While in Greek using more complete name as follows: personal name(s) + patronymic + family name e. g. a son whose father’s name was Georgios might be called Spyros Georgiou Kyprianos same as in Bulgarian names: personal name(s) + patronymic + family. e. g. Emil Petrov Christov (Wikipedia, 2007). A modern Chinese usually has (1) a surname (â€Å"family name†) or xing and (2) a given name (â€Å"first name† or â€Å"Christian name†), or ming (or mingzi ), always in that order. Thus Deng Xiaoping is Mr. Deng with the personal name Xiaoping the same way John Jones is Mr.Jones with the personal name John. (Lelia, 1961). 3. Sasak language, personal names and origins a. Sasak language. The Sasak language is spoken on the island of Lombok (immediately east of Bali) by around 2. 5 million speakers (roughly 85% of the population of Lombok, which was recorded as 2,950,105 in 2005. It shows great internal variation, both geographical and social, with a complex linguistic ecology (Austin 2003) Sasak has traditionally been classified into five dialects: meno mene, ngeno-ngene, meriyaq-meriku, kuto-kute, and nggeto-nggete.However, this classification does not seem to accommodate the reality of the actual variation existing in Sasak, because there are also other dialects such as menu-meni and menung-mening. For instance, menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the category of meno-mene speakers, although the reason for this is hard to tell (Mahyuni, 2007). As Mahyuni stated that menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the category of ngeno-ngene speakers. I preassumed, The sasak language which the people in Lendang Nangka (Where I live) east Lombok may categorized as meno-meni speakers even t hough located in the region of ngeno-ngene dialect.Despite of category by A. Teeuw. In circumstance of geographic location, Lendang Nangka is surrounded by ngeno-ngene dialect speakers such, Jurit village in the east, Danger village in the south, Sangiang in the west and Borok Lelet in the north. Based on historical information, the inhabitants’ anchestor of Lendang Nangka were from the area of district Kopang Central Lombok (where as it is considered as menu-mene dialect speakers). b. Sasak personal Names In fact, Sasak do not generally use the Western naming practice of a given first name and a family last name nor arabic system which is consist of full chain of names.In general, the form Sasak personal names fall into the following categories: * A single name: Sahnep, Mahrap, Mahyan, Marep, Serinata, Sahnun, Sapnah, Riadah, Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdullah, Lasmi, Sintiawati, Kartika, Indra, Subawae, etc. * Two (or more) names without a family name: Muhammad Safi’i, Siti A minah, Safaril Ahyak, Yusran Ahmadi, Samsul Hadi, Laelatul Fitri. * Names for documentary system (marital certificate, passport, birth certificate): This category is based on Indonesian formal rule. A name following by father’s name: Sahudin bin Muhammad (M), Fitriah binti Sahidun (F). Names based on the first child ( After a spouse has their first child bornt). Amaq/mamiq Sahudin (First child name is Sahudin, while Amaq means father so meaning The father of Sahudin). While the wife could be Inaq/Meme Sahudin (Inaq means mother so meaning the mother of Sahudin. In fact the of the father has his own personal name Abdurrahman or the mother’s personal name Aminah. * Noble personal name Lalu is added before a male personal name, such as: Lalu Suparlan, Lalu Serinate. Baiq is added before female personal name, such as: Baiq Hikmah, Baiq Mustiare. c. Origin of Sasak names.There is not specific informations about the original Sasak Names in spite of the fact that some of Sasa k names are not found in other language names (Sahnep, Mahrep, Segep, Sinarep, Senep, Sahne, Amsiah, Rumlah, Sene, Selihan, Mahnan, Serinate (? ). The following description of the origin of Sasak names which are based on the language, culture and religious influences: * Arabic word derived names Since Islam is the main religion for Sasak people , it is veryobviously to find Arabic first names as personal names in Sasak names such as Abdullah, Abdurrahman, Siti Aminah, Siti Hadijah. * Sanskrit derived namesAs the influenced of former ruler of Balinese in Lombok we will find some similarities in Sasak and Balinese such as in language and culture. Sanskrit derived names-names that may sound Hindu-influenced such as Indra, Bayu, Surya, Wisnu, Rama, , Bima, Dewi, Sri, Laksmi, Saraswati, Sintawati, etc. * Popular and Honored person Names Sasak people also use personal names following popular names taken honored person such as names of former presidents (Sukarno, Suharto, Megawati, Habibi) , celebrity names (Desi Ratnasari, Rano Karno, Herman Felani, Anjasmara), sport champions names (Alan Budi kusuma, Verawaty, Rudi Hartono). Etc. * Western namesDue to the influence of Western popular culture and celebrities, many non- Sasaksalso have shortened Western names like Sandy, Ricky, Alan, Meri (Marry), Linda, Amanda, Cindy,Heri (Harry), Meri (Marry), Sintia (Chintia) etc. The names can be found through Sasak family in suburb even in rural community. * Parents own Creation names. Some parents created their child names with their own idea and meaning. Such as persons who were born in certain times . Juliawati for a person who was born in July, Agustina in August, Oktaviana in October, Ramadani in Ramadhan month, Laelatul Fitri in the night before Iedl Fitri day, Purnawati in full moon night. . Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity 100 Top names. So far there is no specific rules in Sasak naming sytem. Since most of Sasak people are muslim naming system is much closely relate d to Arabic names, although it is not totally follow the personal naming system for Arab people. Sasak personal names are similar to most Indonesian moslem names although some names appear as they are influences by western and Hindus names. Some other names are created by parents own creation which they based on other peoples names, time, place, nature, plants or thing they considered good names.The top 100 hundred names of 6357 names mostly used in Lendang Nangka Sasak village as shown in the following table: Table. 1. Top 100 names in Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity No. | NAMES| Total names| %| No. | NAMES| Total names| %| 1| SAMSUL (+ †¦. )| 37| 0. 58| 51| anti| 11| 0. 17| 2| Abdullah (+†¦ )| 34| 0. 53| 52| DIAN| 11| 0. 17| 3| SUMIATI| 29| 0. 46| 53| HAERIAH| 11| 0. 17| 4| JUMAKYAH| 27| 0. 42| 54| HARNI| 11| 0. 17| 5| JUNAIDI| 25| 0. 39| 55| LINA| 11| 0. 17| 6| MULIANI| 23| 0. 36| 56| MARIANI| 11| 0. 17| 7| SAPRI| 22| 0. 35| 57| NURUL AENI| 11| 0. 17| 8| Agus+| 20 | 0. 31| 58| RIPAAH| 11| 0. 7| 9| ahmad+| 20| 0. 31| 59| SAMSUDIN| 11| 0. 17| 10| ERNA( +)| 20| 0. 31| 60| SENIWATI| 11| 0. 17| 11| LIA| 20| 0. 31| 61| SUPRIADI| 11| 0. 17| 12| Aisah| 19| 0. 30| 62| ZAKIAH| 11| 0. 17| 13| RIZAL| 19| 0. 30| 63| Adi| 10| 0. 16| 14| SRI ASMAWATI+| 19| 0. 30| 64| ana| 10| 0. 16| 15| MULIADI| 18| 0. 28| 65| HAERUNI| 10| 0. 16| 16| NURHASANAH| 18| 0. 28| 66| HENDRI| 10| 0. 16| 17| HAMDIAH| 17| 0. 27| 67| HERI| 10| 0. 16| 18| IRWAN| 17| 0. 27| 68| HERIANTO| 10| 0. 16| 19| ROHANI| 17| 0. 27| 69| HERMAN| 10| 0. 16| 20| EKA| 16| 0. 25| 70| JULIANA| 10| 0. 16| 21| HAERANI| 16| 0. 25| 71| LIANA| 10| 0. 16| 2| NURHAYATI| 16| 0. 25| 72| MAHYUNI| 10| 0. 16| 23| ROZI| 16| 0. 25| 73| MAWARDI| 10| 0. 16| 24| Aminah| 15| 0. 24| 74| PAJRI| 10| 0. 16| 25| At| 15| 0. 24| 75| PATIMAH| 10| 0. 16| 326| IDA| 15| 0. 24| 76| RONI| 10| 0. 16| 27| MAHNUN| 15| 0. 24| 77| ROSIDI| 10| 0. 16| 28| NURUL +| 15| 0. 24| 78| SALMIAH| 10| 0. 16| 29| SAPIAH| 15| 0. 24| 79| SUHAILI| 10| 0. 16| 30| SURIANI| 15| 0. 24| 80| YANTI| 10| 0. 16| 31| Ani| 14| 0. 22| 81| YULIANI| 10| 0. 16| 32| NUR| 14| 0. 22| 82| ZAKRAH| 10| 0. 16| 33| NURAENI| 14| 0. 22| 83| Ahyar | 9| 0. 14| 34| YULIANA| 14| 0. 22| 84| andri+| 9| 0. 14| 35| Andi| 13| 0. 0| 85| ari| 9| 0. 14| 36| JUMARTI| 13| 0. 20| 86| DEDI| 9| 0. 14| 37| RINA| 13| 0. 20| 87| IWAN| 9| 0. 14| 38| Anah| 12| 0. 19| 88| MAHINUN| 9| 0. 14| 39| DEWI| 12| 0. 19| 89| NURUL| 9| 0. 14| 40| DIANA| 12| 0. 19| 90| PENDI| 9| 0. 14| 41| EDI| 12| 0. 19| 91| RIANAH| 9| 0. 14| 42| ELI| 12| 0. 19| 92| RIKA| 9| 0. 14| 43| HAMDI| 12| 0. 19| 93| SAHNUN| 9| 0. 14| 44| JOHAERIAH| 12| 0. 19| 94| SITI+| 9| 0. 14| 45| LINDA| 12| 0. 19| 95| SUMARNI| 9| 0. 14| 46| MARNI| 12| 0. 19| 96| SUPARDI| 9| 0. 14| 47| MULIANA| 12| 0. 19| 97| US| 9| 0. 14| 48| PADLI| 12| 0. 19| 98| anto| 8| 0. 13| 49| RENI| 12| 0. 19| 99| AYU| 8| 0. 3| 50| SAPRUDIN| 12| 0. 19| 100| HALIMAH| 8| 0. 13| |   |   |   |   | OTHERS|   | 79. 05| The following table data is to d escribe the use of Arabic names Abdullah which is popular as Arabic name, the total number of inhabitants using Abdullah first names is 36 people: e. Other popular form of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity. From the analysis of the data it is found that many of Sasak personal names characteristic has similar final sylables such as ,-udin, -ni, -di, -man, -ti, -ah, -na, -wan. The following are data show names with the characteristic above: * Names with final sylable u–din Names with final sylable di * Names with final sylable –man * Names with end sylable –na * Names with end sylable –run * Names with end sylable – wan * Names with end sylable -un * Names with end sylable –to and – no * Names with end sylable –ah By observing the data above mostly naming system in Sasak meno-mene are very simple and it is tend to have similar names by using similar final sylables. 4. Arabic names, meaning and origins Arabic names were histor ically based on a long naming system; most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names.This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the father's first name, then the father's family surname. Some surnames have a pre-fix of ibn- meaning son of (ould- in Mauritania) The surnames follow similar rules defining a relation to a clan, family, place etc. Some Arab countries have differences due to historic rule by the Ottoman Empire or due to being a different minority. For example : * Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni Ism – Muhammad (Proper name). Muhammad: praised. Nasab – Saeed (Father's name). Saeed: happy Nasab – Abd al-Aziz (Grandfather's name).Abd al-Aziz: Servant of the Magnificient. Nisbah – al-Filasteenee (The Palestinian). Filasteen: Palestine. Muhammad Saeed, son of Abdul-Aziz, the Palestinian This person would simply be referred to as â€Å"Muhammad† or by relating him to his first-born son, e. g. :†Abu Kareem† (father of Kareem). To signify respect or to specify which Muhammad one is speaking about, the name could be lengthened to the extent necessary or desired. During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names. Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects.In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons: (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil: fighter, Ghalib: winner, Asad: lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd: happy, Malik: owner, Najy: rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg ala : thorny tree,hajar: stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the child's mother is being in labour. For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly: Thalaba. The same holds true of dog: k alib, crow: Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 21H ,nd:5f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H,1999:67) adds that some people's names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah: colocynth) others from people's characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem: generous, al-shuja: brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need be seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before invading each other. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants' or animals' names went on; and other factors for naming had become involved.For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii: Spring) and got widely spread due to the Prophet's position against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children. In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre - and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 1984:36, 46). Al-Samaray (1961:4) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab homeland i. . different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. 5) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 10 below). Ulaiq (2001:12ff) further indicates that personal names in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to: 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar; the moon, kawkab: planet, Hilal; crescent) 2. The sequential order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd; the unique, Wayd; the alone, Rabia; the fourth). . Well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (eg Siina; Avicenna; Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). 4. Grandfathers' or grandmothers' names to glorify them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan: the fasting month, Najjah; success, Zilzal: earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied.Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland. 5. Nicknames According to Oxford Dictionary A nickname is â€Å"a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name, or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name. A nickname is sometimes considered desirable, symbolising a for m of acceptance, but can often be a form of ridicule. Nicknames in Sasak language relates to definition above is quiet similar in function and meaning.The topic disscussion in this research relates to Nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno mene varity comparing to nick names formation in Arabic. This topic become the main discussion because most of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names are influenced by Arabic naming system. 5. 1. Nicknames formation. As the main focus on this response paper, nicknames formation is based on Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity. Nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity in LendangNangka has some characteristics: 5. 2. Truncation the given names Truncation means to shorten by or as if by cutting off. The free dictionary online) 5. 2. 1. Truncate the base name by separate back part of base name as illustrated below: Base namenickname (truncated) – Gunilahilok – Haeriahiok – Sinarepayep – Sadahadok Nickname s (Truncated names) shows tendency to begin with a consonant and end with consonant, even their base starts with a consonant and end with a consonant. While the others following nicknames(truncated) names tend to begin with a consonant and ends with a consonant even the base names starts with a vowel and ends with a consonant: Base namenickname – Aminahminok – Andipendot – Aguscegos – Akramkeram – Amircemor – Amingemong Abdillahdilok – Ahmad gamek 5. 2. 2. Truncate the primary stressed syllable of the names as follows: Base namesNicknames (truncated names) – At’harhar – Rukiahkiah/kiok – Sakdahdah/dok – Samsulsul -SamsudinSam 5. 2. 3. Truncate the secondary stressed syllable of the names as in the following example: Base namesNicknames (truncated names) – Samsudinudin – Tarminimini – Hamdandan – Jumlahlah/lok 5. 2. 4. Truncate names on the segmental of onset consonants rep lace randomly: Base namesNicknames (truncated names) – SakdahCedok – MuhamadGamek – SirCing – HasimTacim – MahrepGayep 5. 2. 5. Phonological Process. Stressed vowels occasionally change /a:/ into /o/ as follows : Base namenickname -Abdillahdilok -Samsiahsiok -Aminahinok -Rukiahkiok * Changing stressed vowel /a:/ into // ? Base name Nicknames -SatriawanAwen -SuparmanMamen -JarkasiKejer -SunardiSuner -AhmadAmek -JumakyahJume’ * Changing stressed vowel /i/ into /o/ as follows: Base name Nicknames -Mulyandiendot – Mulianieno’ – Muliaticetot – Santisentot – Samsul Hadiedot * Consonants may also be subject to change. /s/ is replaced by /c/ in middle position: Base name nick name -NasirAcing -HasanAcan Muhasimacim -Muhsankucan -MuhsinKucin -LusianiUci -HasanahCanok -MahsunAcun * /r/ is replaced by /? / at the close position Base name Nicknames -Munirning -Tahira’ing -Zakiraking -JaharAhang -MunawarAweng * / r/ is replaced by /y/ in the mid position Base name Nicknames -Idrusyus -Zakrahayah/ayok -Mustarahgayek -Mahrupayup -Mahrapayap -Mehrameyam -Sahrumayum -Sahuriuyi * /k/ is replaced by /h/ at the close position Base name Nicknames -ZakrahAyok – Hasanahcanok – Riadahadok – Sakdahcedok – Ramdahmendok – Sakdiahdiok – Abdillahdilok – Darmilahilok Sapirahirok – Jumlahjlok * /b/ is replaced by /p/ at the close position Base namenickname -Zaenabjenap – Assegabsegep – Mustajabajap – Rajabajap – Habibabip * /z/ is replaced by /j/ at the onset position Base namenickname – ZaenabJenap – Zulkarnainkejung – Zaenuddinjen – Zarkasikejer – Zulkiplijul * /l/ is replaced by /ng/ at the close position Base name nickname -Samsulancung – Sulhiahcung – Mulianahmung – Yulianiyung * /f/ is replaced by /p/ at the random position Base name nickname – Gafarapar â₠¬â€œ Irfanipan – Sarifayip – Mussannifsanip – Halifalip 5. 2. 6.Nicknames also formed by dropping a consonant in random position, as described below: Base name nickname -Ehsanesan -Irfanipan -Ilhamiham -Ahsipasip -Mahsanasan 5. 2. 7. Nicknames formation also made by giving attributes to specific person such as following: – Kaktuan is for a person who has done hajj for example: Base namenicknames -Hajjah Kurniawatikak tuan kur -Haji Abdillahkak tuan dilok -Hajjah Samsiahkak tuan iok * Tuaq(uncle) and inaqrari (aunt) is to address someone feel close related to the speaker even he is not a relative of the speaker, as following example: Base namenicknames Salehtuaq aleh -Zaenuddintuaq jen -Syamsiahinaq rari iok -Rumlahinaq rari melok * Semeton/meton/ton (brother/sister) usually refers to male is to address between friends at same age and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually meton or ton is stand alone without nicknam es. * Arik/adik (younger brother/sister)usually refers to male is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. Kakak/akakArik/adik (older brother/sister) usually refers to male/female is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually kakakor kak is stand alone without nicknames. * Amaq keke /bapak keke(father) usually refers to male is to address to elder married person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and often amaq keke or bapak keke is stand alone without nicknames to show closer feeling. Inaq keke (mother) usually refers to address to elder married person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. without to show closer feeling. 5. 2. 8. Nicknames also formed by physical chara cteristic and personality such as: -â€Å"Dakoh† for a person who is overweight -â€Å"keyek† for a person who is thin,. -â€Å"ranjo or belo† for a person who is tall, -â€Å"cendek or dendek/dandak† for short person. -â€Å"Bijang†, â€Å"ambok† for a person with blonde hair and grey hair respectively. â€Å"butak† for a person with bald head. -â€Å"melong† is for big eyes person. -â€Å"bireng† for a person with dark skin, -â€Å"bodak† for a person with white skin. ; Personality; -â€Å"nyerenceng† is for talkative person, -â€Å"beleke†, is for a person who laugh a lot -â€Å"kembo’†is for easy crying person – â€Å"bingis† for high tempered person. 6. Nick Names in Arabic. According to Zawaedah : Studying nicknames relates to Arab world is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using one’s real name, one may use a nicknam e to hide their identity.A term for such usage is â€Å"nom de guerre† (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. A nickname is a name that identifies a person, place, or event that is different from the formal given name of the referent. Nicknames are often not legally registered in one’s official documents. Examples: Muammar Qathafi: Al? Akh al? Aqid ‘Brother Colonel’ Amin al? qawmiyyah al? Arabiyyah: ‘Keeper of Arab Nationalism’ Sahib al? Kitab al? Akhdar : ‘Owner of the Green Book’Zuwaedah stated that Studying nicknames is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using one’s real name, one may use a nickname to hide their identity. A term for such usage is â€Å"nom de guerre† (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseu donyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. Understanding the pseudonyms used by radical groups sheds light on their future intentions, perceptions, motivations, and connection to the cause. (Guidere, 2006).Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (Abu Ayyub Al-Misri) : chief of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Hamza Ibn Abd Al? Muttalib: Prophet Mohammad’s uncle. One of the bravest protectors of Islam. Muhajir: he immigrated to Iraq to fight. Or it could refer to â€Å"hijra†of companions of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina. In Arab world nicknames are used for : * Friendly daily conversations (face to face, on the phone, letters, e- mails, etc). Used for endearment or respect. * Monarchs may be known by other nicknames. * ‘Nabaz’ nicknames used to insult others (ex. Enemies), or used in the formation of swear words. Concealing identity: * Computer users: Chartrooms, e? mails, blogs, used asâ€Å"usernames†. * Literary pen names –publishi ng authors. * Stage names (ism shuhra)? actors, singers, dancers, etc. * Criminals, terrorists, etc (takhallus) –especially the leaders have pseudonyms. 7. Types of Arabic nicknames 1. Asma’ Dal’ Hypocoristics 2. Kunya Abu X 3. Nasab Ibn X patronymics 4. Laqab description 5. Nisba origin of person 6. Nabaz insulting names 1. Asma’ Dal Hypocoristics Arabic hypocoristic formation is very generative. Generation is largely based on the root of the name (Zawaydeh and Davis, 1999). Khalid† has the following Jordanian and Egyptian nicknames: * Khalluuude * Khalkuleeh * Khaluudi * Khalluuude * Khukhu * Khalkhul * Dido * Khokha When a full name has an affixal consonant, be it a prefix, suffix, or infix, the affixal consonant does not appear in the hypocoristic. Hypocoristic contains only root consonants, regardless of what other consonants may be in the name. * MuhammadHammud * AhmadHammud * HamidHammud 2. Kunya In the Arab tradition, after a person gets mar ried and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). Abu Muhammad ‘father of Muhammad’ * Um Muhammad ‘mother of Muhammad’ Highly used in the Arab World, and Muslims in general (ex: Afghanistan, Pakistan). Some Kunyas are metaphorical. The second word uses a positive or negative attribute. * Abu Al? Khayr‘father of goodness’ * Abu Dhubab‘father of flies’ Not every Abu X is just a nickname. It could be also a surname. Ex. Palestinian surnames: * Abu Hadeeda‘father of iron’ * Abu Minshaar‘father of a saw’ * Abu Sham’a‘father of a candle’ Used daily as an honorific to show respect to elders. Used by young men to address each other, for fun.Even one who is not married, or doesn’t have a son may be called Abu X. As a â€Å"nom de guerre†. For example, â€Å"Abu† nicknames were popular among PLO leaders. * YasirArafat Abu Ammar * MahmoudAbbasAb u Mazen A terrorist may be known by a Kunya name. in India, the nickname â€Å"Abu Al? Qama†was used by a member of the terrorist group Lashkar? e? Taiba in the Mumbai terror attacks 3. Nasab Nasab is a patronymic or a metronymic name. The word â€Å"Ibn† or â€Å"bint† (i. e. son/ daughter of) followed by the father’s name. Was used more frequently as an alias in historic times.The person was known as â€Å"son of X† instead of his first name. A chain of names reflects one’s genealogical ancestors. Example: * Ibn Khaldoun —- : Abd ar? Rahmanibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibnal? Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd ar? Rahman ibn Khaldun. Nasab .. current usage It is a standard way of reporting names in Saudi Arabia, and the Arabian Gulf. The head of the House of Saud:Muhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrinbin Murkhanbin Ibrahim bin Musa bin Rabi’abin Mani’bin Rabi’aal? MuraydiAl ? Dur’aal? banafiAl?Adnani Used online as alias names. Next word could be a colloquial or MSA adjective, a noun, a person’s name, or a place name. * Ibn Falastine‘son of Palestine’ * Ibn Hajar‘son of a stone’ 4. Laqab This is a description of the person, that could be considered a title of nobility. It is often a two-word phrase, which often indicates the person’s occupation, importance, or appearance. Originally, it was used as a nickname, and later adopted to be a title given to important people. * Sayfal? Din ‘The sword of the religion’ * Nasiral? Dawla‘the helper of the dynasty’ * Al? Jahiz‘the goggle? eyed’A physical or personal quality. The phrase could be metaphorical. These could also be used as surnames. Al? Tawil‘the tall one’(could be a surname) Al? Andalibal? Asmar‘the dark nightingale’(Singer Abd Al? HalimHafiz) * Expressing adoration or reliance on God, or li neage to the Prophet. Some use compound structures with words such as â€Å"Allah†, â€Å"Abd†, â€Å"al-Din†, â€Å"al-Islam†, â€Å"al-Dawlah†, or words used in titles: * Al? Ra’is Al? Mu’min‘the faithful president’Anwar Al? Sadat * Amir Al? Mu’minin‘prince of the believers’HusniMubarak * Sayfal? Islam‘sword of Islam’Osama Bin Laden 5. NisbaAn adjective derived from the place of origin, birth, residence, or occupation. It could be also a clan, tribe, or family. Formed by adding –iyy/-iy at the end of the word. Usually preceded by al- definite article. This form is also used for surnames. * Abu Ayyubal? Misri (from Egypt) * Salahal? Din Al? Ayyoubi (founder of Ayyoubi dynasty – conquered crusaders) * Al? Ansari: fighters born in Iraq (Ansaral? Sunna group) * This type of structure is used frequently to coin new surname aliases. 6. Nabaz Nabaz could be metaphors that are used to describe somebody that is disliked or considered to be an enemy. Jihadi style writings use such metaphors abundantly. Comparing the process of nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic, both process in nicknames formation in general it is quite different. The process of formation nicknames basis in Arabic is basis those six basis. This basis is not common in Sasak meno-mene varity. F. Conclussion From the discussion we can conclude as follows: * Personal names in Lendang Sasak meno-mene varity mostly influenced by Arabic word and names. * Arabic names and Sasak names has similarities relates to Islamic way system of naming based on the hadist. There is no special rules in Sasak meno-mene varity in forming nick names compare to Arabic nicknames which on those 6 basis. * Most of Sasak nicknames formation are not influenced by Arabic nicknames formation. Sasak Personal names * Muhammad (personal names) become Amek (Nickname) While in Arabic names: * Muhammad (persona l names) becaome Hammuud (Nickname). * The similarity in nicknames formation is in the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). * Abu Muhammad ‘father of Muhammad’ Um Muhammad ‘mother of Muhammad’ While in Sasak tradition after a person get married he / she is called by his ledest son (or daughter) * Amaq Udin â€Å"father of Udin† * Inaq Udin â€Å" mother of Udin† * Mamiq Bambang â€Å" father of Bambang† * Meme Santi â€Å" mother of Santi† * Based on my onservation and analysis I found that the nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka nicknames varity are based on Truncation of personal names, phonological changing process, physical characteristic, attributions in term of social solidarity, friendliness and intimate. BiblographyIbin Duraid(d. 321H,n. d)Al-Ishtiqaq(Derivation). Revised by AbdulSalam Harron. Cairo: Al-Khanachy Publishing House. Ibin Qu taybah (d. 267H. 1999) Adeb Al-Katib( The Writer's Literature). Beirut: Al-Resalah Publishers. Jaszezolt, K. M. (2002) Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Language and Discourse. London: Longman. John and Levitt, J. (1975) â€Å"People Have Names† in Wallace, A. & Stageberg, N. (eds. ) Introductory Readings on Language. New York: Rinehart and Winston. pp146-154. Dictionary of Islamic Terms. Damascus: Dar Al-Yamamah. Langendock,V. 2008) Theory and Typology of Proper Names. http //www. degruyter. de/cont/. Retrived on 17th of January 2008. Murad, A. K. ( 1984) Asma? Al-Nass: Ma anyha wa ASbab Al-Tasmiah Biha( People's Names: Their Meanings and Reasons of Naming by them). Vol. I. Baghdad: Dar Al-Huriah for Printing. Nina(2008) A Survey of the History of English Place Names. http //www. sca. org. Retrieved on 19th of February 2008. Pollock,J. L. (1982) Language and Thought. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Al-Samaray, I. (1961)†Al-alam†(Proper Names) in Journa l of Faculty of Arts Vol. III.Baghdad University. pp3 -18. AlTha aliby,A. A. (d. 430H. 2007)Fiqih Al-lUghah wa Sirru Al-rabiah(Language Philology and the Secret of Arabic). Beirut: DarAl-Ma’rifah. Ulaiq,B. M. (2001)Al-Wafy fi Al-asma? Al-arabiah wa Ma6anyha( The Complete Text in Arabic Personal Names and their Meanings). Beirut: Dar Al-amra?. Ullmann,S. (1962)Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nickname. Accesed on :11/1/2012 7:25:30 PM http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/nickname. 2012 Oxford University Press.

Comparison of Stealing and Hitcher Essay - 1324 Words

Comparison of Stealing and Hitcher In this essay, I will be comparing two poems; Stealing, by Carol Ann Duffy and Hitcher, by Simon Armitage. I will be using several categories in which to structure my comparison, which include style of language and structure. In this piece, I hope to provide in depth analysis into the narrators feelings and the poets techniques. Finally I will be making a summary of my comments in a brief conclusion at the end, which will include my thoughts on both poems. The style of language in these poems have several similarities as well as differences. Firstly, in Stealing, Duffy has managed to fuse conversational English with typical poetic devices. The poem has been written in a colloquial style†¦show more content†¦In Stealing, we can easily establish that the narrator is a member of the subclasses. However, he has very complex feelings and many emotions. Duffy gives the narrator the ability to express his thoughts and feelings in a way unlike any other member of the subclasses. She gives him a voice in which he can express himself. For example, the narrator says â€Å"a mind as cold as the slice of ice within my own brain†. This is not something we would expect from a person from the same background as the one we assume the narrator has. The narrator speaks in a very eerie and disturbing way. He says â€Å"A stranger’s bedroom. Mirrors. I sigh like this - Aah.†. The narrators voice is very significant. It gives us an insight into the reasons for his strange behaviour and increases the drama and bewilderment within the poem. This is the same in Hitcher. The narrators voice gives us an idea of the frustration and anger the narrator is feel ing. Like in stealing we get a sense that not all is right within the mind of the narrator. However, unlike in Stealing, the narrator in Hitcher has many emotions he cannot control and therefore he takes it out on the hitchhiker. â€Å"I let him have it†¦six times with the krooklok in the face†. The Structure of both poems is in keeping with the style, and content they posses. Both poems have structures which reflect the general atmosphere they have. In Stealing, the

A Guide to Using the TClientDataSet in Delphi Applications

Looking for a single-file, single-user database for your next Delphi application? Need to store some application specific data but dont want to use  the Registry / INI / or something else? Delphi offers a native solution: The TClientDataSet component -- located on the Data Access tab of the component palette -- represents an in-memory database-independent dataset. Whether you use client datasets for file-based data, caching updates, data from an external provider (such as working with an XML document or in a multi-tiered application), or a combination of these approaches in a briefcase model application, take advantage of the  broad range of features that client datasets support. Delphi Datasets A ClientDataSet in Every Database ApplicationLearn the basic behavior of the ClientDataSet, and encounter an argument for the extensive use of ClientDataSets in most database applications. Defining a ClientDataSets Structure Using FieldDefsWhen creating a ClientDataSets memory store on-the-fly, you must explicitly define the structure of your table. This article shows you how to do it at both runtime and design-time using FieldDefs. Defining a ClientDataSets Structure Using TFieldsThis article demonstrates how to define a ClientDataSets structure at both design-time and runtime using TFields. Methods to create virtual and nested dataset fields are also demonstrated. Understanding ClientDataSet IndexesA ClientDataSet does not obtain its indexes from the data it loads. Indexes, if you want them, must be explicitly defined. This article shows you how to do this at design-time or runtime. Navigating and Editing a ClientDataSetYou navigate and edit a ClientDataSet in a manner similar to how you navigate and edit almost any  other dataset. This article provides an introductory look at basic ClientDataSet navigation and editing. Searching a ClientDataSetClientDataSets provide several different mechanisms for searching for data in its columns. These techniques are covered in this continuation of the discussion of basic ClientDataSet manipulation. Filtering ClientDataSetsWhen applied to a dataset, a filter limits the records that are accessible. This article explores the ins-and-outs of filtering ClientDataSets. ClientDataSet Aggregates and GroupStateThis article describes how to use aggregates to calculate simple statistics, as well as how to use group state to improve your user interfaces. Nesting DataSets in ClientDataSetsA nested dataset is a dataset within a dataset. By nesting one dataset inside another, you can reduce your overall storage needs, increase the efficiency of network communications and simplify data operations. Cloning ClientDatSet CursorsWhen you clone a ClientDataSets cursor, you create not only an additional pointer to a shared memory store but also an independent view of the data. This article shows you how to use this important capability Deploying Applications that use ClientDataSetsIf you use one or more ClientDataSets you may need to deploy one or more libraries, in addition to your applications executable. This article describes when and how to deploy them. Creative Solutions Using ClientDataSetsClientDataSets can be used for much more than displaying rows and columns from a database. See how they solve application problems including selecting options to process, displaying progress messages and creating audit trails for data changes.

Fifth Business Essay Guilt - 1191 Words

Fifth Business Essay: Guilt Guilt is a powerful emotion that can greatly affect the course of a person’s life. Dunny’s character, in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, first experienced guilt at an early age due to a tragic accident. A snowball that was meant for Dunny hit a pregnant woman, Mrs. Dempster, causing her to go into premature labour. Although her child, Paul Dempster, survived, the guilt that Dunny experienced from his part in the situation would stay with him for the rest of his life. Guilt stayed with Dunny’s character throughout his life, and continually affected all of his actions. As a child, Dunny felt guilty for the accident, and its affect on Mrs. Dempster. As he sees the weak child, Paul, grow his guilt also†¦show more content†¦Dunny grew up feeling that he needed to repay the Dempsters in any way that he could. #2 As Dunny grew into adulthood, the guilt that he felt grew and continued to affect all areas of his life. Dunny’s life became intertwined with Mrs. Dempsters, and he felt responsible for taking care of her. Dunny agreed to take care of Mrs. Dempster when her aunt and lawyer died. â€Å"So I began then and there to maintain Mrs. Dempster, and never ceased to do so until her death in 1959. What else could I do?† (Davies, 162). Dunny took care of Mrs. Dempster out of the guilt that he felt, even though he didn’t have any money to support her. Dunny then felt guilty for not being able to financially support Mrs. Dempster, and eventually having to put her into a mental hospital. â€Å"So much against my will I got Mrs. Dempster into a public hospital for the insane, in Toronto, where I could keep an eye on her. It was a dark day for both of us when I took her there.† (Davies, 163). Dunny didn’t have the resources to take care of Mrs. Dempster, but no matt er what he did, he couldn’t escape the guilt. â€Å"I dared not look back, and I felt meaner than I have ever felt in my life. But what was I to do?† (Davies, 163). Dunny didn’t have a choice, he knew that what he was doing was in Mrs. Dempster’s best interests, but it still pained him to upset her. Dunny then felt guilty for telling Mrs.Show MoreRelatedTheme of Guilt in Hamlet Fifth Business Essay example938 Words   |  4 Pages it is better known as guilt. Guilt is a reoccurring theme in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that is demonstrated by various characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet and Claudius and this essay shall compare the theme of guilt between the two literatures. In the novel Fifth Business, guilt is a plague that has spread throughout the lives of Dunstan Ramsay, and Paul Dempster; both characters are drenched with guilt that was a result of aRead MoreAmbition and Motivation in Fifth Business1033 Words   |  5 PagesThwarted love. Ambition. Guilt. Sexuality. Fifth Business is rife with these life lessons. 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Christian Science Child Care free essay sample

Examines conflict between freedom of religion (churchs refusal of medical care for children) laws against child abuse/neglect. Child abuse has engendered a set of case law that is intended to protect children from both abuse and neglect by their parents. These laws sometimes interfere with another legally protected activity, the free exercise of religion. Several legal cases in recent years have tested the limits of religious expression with reference to children, notably cases in which parents who do not believe in medicine have prevented their children from receiving medical treatment for religious reasons. The issue has become enmeshed with what might be called the larger parental rights movement which holds that all decisions regarding the welfare of children should be made by parents and not by government or the courts. What has developed in these cases is a conflict between the desire on the part of society to assert childrens rights and to protect children and the belief. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Science Child Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

The Two Gentlemen of Verona Essay Example

The Two Gentlemen of Verona Essay Darko Karamatic Class: Humanities Professor: Michael Martin Date: November 1, 2009 The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Gentlemen of Verona by Shakespeare is a huge art, and Shakespeare as the man that invented its own language of writing is definitely one of the best artists ever. In The Two Gentlemen of Verona which in one sense seems to be unreal story in another is very real. The relationship between best friends as in this section is reduced to such a cynical attitude as it is between Proteus and Valentine. The Two Gentlemen of Verona Proteus and Valentine, known as best friends and their infatuation to the same woman named Silva has led them into trouble. Proteus, a character who in my opinion is a hypocrite and false friend was also able to betray his best friend, Julia and everyone in his vicinity. When Valentine was supposed to go to Milan he also called his best friend Proteus to come with him, but he refused to go. He refused his best friend because of the love he felt towards Julia, but in the meantime his father was persuaded him to leave Verona and go to Milan to gain some life experience. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Gentlemen of Verona specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Gentlemen of Verona specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Gentlemen of Verona specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Love between Proteus and Julia was extremely big, it seemed that the two of them were alive for one another. Since Proteus had to leave Verona in a sign of eternal fidelity he exchanged rings with Silvia. After his arrival in Milan Proteus soon forget on Julia and fall in love with the love of his best friends Silvia. As to his best friend, Valentine was not hiding anything from Proteus, and he was not expecting his cunning and jealousy. He told to Proteus all about his visiting Silvia and the love they felt between each other. He also told him about her father, the Duke of Milan, and that he wants her to marry wealthy guy, in this case Thurio. Silvia and Valentine were in love until nasty Proteus did not decide to do anything in his power just to get Silvia’s love. Proteus has decided to go and tell everything to Silvia’s father, all about the relationship between Valentine and Silvia and their plans to escape Milan together. When Duke heard all this stuff he was very surprised because he thought they were just friends. Proteus also asked Duke ot to tell anyone how he found out about this, because Valentine was his best friend.. The Duke immediately wanted to remove Valentine away from his daughter and he did it, he banished Valentine from Milan. In the meantime, Proteus was faking that he wanted to help Thurio to win Silva’s love. In conversation with Proteus, Thurio was persuaded to pay musicians and play serenade under Silvia’s window. After Thurio finally decided to do so, b efore the musicians started playing, Proteus told him to hide and leave him alone in order to help him to win Silvia. Of course it was just a trick for poor Thurio, because Proteus’ intent was to make Silvia think how he prepared all this show for her. At the same time Julia has decided to go to Milan and look for her love Proteus. After her arrival to Milan she found out that Proteus was already in love with another woman and was very disappointed. Since she did not know what to do she decides to disguise as a man and soon after she became his page, called Sebastian. In one situation Proteus sends Sebastian to deliver a letter to Silvia and with the letter he also sends her a ring (the same one which he got from Julia as a sign of great love). After valentine was banished from Milan, he was attacked by outlaws. Instead of just robbing him they started talking and Valentine lied how he was banished from the city because he killed a man. The outlaws told Valentine how they were gentlemen too but they were banished and now they live in the forest. Besides that, they told Valentine that he must become their leader or they will have to kill him. Since Valentine did not have another choice valentine agreed and became one of them, actually more than that, he became their leader. As every comedy has happy end this one was the same way. After Silvia decided to go to the city she was comforted by the outlaws who took her to their leader Valentine. Although I really do not like Proteus as a person, Jeff Bukovinsky had fantastic play. His expression of emotions was just amazing. For instance, when he managed to deceive his best friend, Valentine, as well as the Duke. Furthermore, his falling in love practically every five minutes is just unreal and silly, but he still shows it with so many great importances as it is the very last one. The Proteus as a person is just a garbage, nasty character and it is not worthy anything but the actually acting by Bukovinsky was performed just excellent and deserves all the credit. In addition, the part which I (with not big knowledge) consider as the best played by Bukovinsky was one where Silvia and Proteus were in the forest. There, after refusing his love Proteus having no other choice threatened to rape Silvia (â€Å"Ill force thee yield to my desire†). At the very beginning of the play the audience seemed very excited and tried not to miss anything, and the excitement increased as the show went on. In the second part of the play everyone was paying sharp attention, especially at the moment when Duke found out about Silvia’s and Valentine’s hidden love. Everyone seemed itchy and was waiting for the end even though most of them knew what was going to happen, they were eager to see the scene. The most emotional scene in audience was when the Duke approved love between his daughter and Valentine. I personally think that the play left much more impressions and was much more interesting than actual reading to me. At the play I felt like I was so into it, and could not move my eyes from the stage. At some point, I understood everything that was going on which was not true in case while I was reading the book. Hence, all the credit from me goes to the actual play. Arrangement of characters on stage and just carrying out the performance was fantastic and at the same time professional. I did not notice any single mistake by the actors, and every step they were taking seemed like taken with a big confidence, like they were doing it forever.